Present Simple

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Used for habits, facts, and general truths.

Subject + V1 (+ s/es for 3rd person singular)

She works in London.

They play tennis every weekend.

Present Continuous

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Used for actions happening now or around now.

Subject + am/is/are + V-ing

I am studying for my exam.

They are building a new house.

Present Perfect

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Used for past actions with present relevance.

Subject + have/has + V3 (past participle)

I have visited Paris twice.

She has lived here for five years.

Present Perfect Continuous

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Used for ongoing actions that started in the past and continue to the present.

Subject + have/has been + V-ing

She has been working here for five years.

I have been learning English since 2018.

Past Simple

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Used for completed actions in the past.

Subject + V2 (past tense)

We visited Rome last summer.

She bought a new car yesterday.

Past Continuous

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Used for actions in progress at a specific time in the past.

Subject + was/were + V-ing

I was sleeping when you called.

They were playing tennis at 5 PM yesterday.

Past Perfect

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Used for actions completed before another past action.

Subject + had + V3 (past participle)

She had already left when I arrived.

I had finished my homework before dinner.

Future Simple

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Used for predictions and spontaneous decisions.

Subject + will + V1

I will help you tomorrow.

It will rain later today.

Future Continuous

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Used for actions in progress at a specific time in the future.

Subject + will be + V-ing

This time next week, I will be flying to New York.

She will be working all day tomorrow.

Future Perfect

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Used for actions that will be completed before a specific time in the future.

Subject + will have + V3 (past participle)

By next month, I will have finished my project.

She will have graduated by June.